Usenet 1993 July/InfoMagic USENET CD-ROM July 1993.ISO/answers/unix-faq/faq/diff

Internet Message Format | 1993-03-31 | 103.8 KB

Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!pad-thai.aktis.com!pad-thai.aktis.com!not-for-mail
From: [e-mail] (Ted M A Timar)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
Subject: Changes to "Unix - Frequently Asked Questions" [Frequent posting]
Supersedes: <unix-faq/faq/[e-mail]>
Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
Date: 1 Apr 1993 00:00:31 -0500
Organization: Empress Software
Lines: 2939
Sender: [e-mail]
Approved: [e-mail]
Distribution: world
Expires: 29 Apr 1993 05:00:05 GMT
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X-Last-Updated: 1993/03/19
Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.unix.questions:54779 comp.unix.shell:9718 news.answers:7146

Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/diff

*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:28
--- contents    1993/03/18 23:16:07
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/contents
! Version: $Id: contents,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:28 tmatimar Exp $

  The following seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/contents
! Version: $Id: contents,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:15:55 tmatimar Exp $

  The following seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 56,62 ****
        2.12) How do I find the last argument in a Bourne shell script?
        2.13) What's wrong with having '.' in your $PATH ?

!       3.1)  How do I find out the creation time of a file?
        3.2)  How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around
                until the remote command has completed?
        3.3)  How do I truncate a file?
--- 62,68 ----
        2.12) How do I find the last argument in a Bourne shell script?
        2.13) What's wrong with having '.' in your $PATH ?

!       3.1)  How do I find the creation time of a file?
        3.2)  How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around
                until the remote command has completed?
        3.3)  How do I truncate a file?
***************
*** 67,73 ****
        3.8)  Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
        3.9)  How do I run 'passwd', 'ftp', 'telnet', 'tip' and other interactive
                programs from a shell script or in the background?
!       3.10) How do I find out the process ID of a program with a particular
              name from inside a shell script or C program?
        3.11) How do I check the exit status of a remote command
              executed via "rsh" ?
--- 73,79 ----
        3.8)  Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
        3.9)  How do I run 'passwd', 'ftp', 'telnet', 'tip' and other interactive
                programs from a shell script or in the background?
!       3.10) How do I find the process ID of a program with a particular
              name from inside a shell script or C program?
        3.11) How do I check the exit status of a remote command
              executed via "rsh" ?
***************
*** 123,133 ****
        7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?
        7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
        7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle with problems?
!       7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.
!       7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Support
!       7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison
!       7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
!       7.13) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

        If you're looking for the answer to, say, question 2.5, look in
        part 2 and search for the regular expression "^2.5)".
--- 129,140 ----
        7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?
        7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
        7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle with problems?
!       7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they interact with make(1)?
!       7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.
!       7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Support
!       7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison
!       7.13) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
!       7.14) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

        If you're looking for the answer to, say, question 2.5, look in
        part 2 and search for the regular expression "^2.5)".
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:43
--- part1    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (1/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (1/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part1
! Version: $Id: part1,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:43 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part1
! Version: $Id: part1,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 54,59 ****
--- 60,70 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Who helped you put this list together?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.1)  Who helped you put this list together?

        I took over the maintenance of this list.  Almost all of the work
***************
*** 79,84 ****
--- 90,100 ----
        Sorry to those who have made valuable contributions, but did not
        receive the credit and recognition that they legitimately deserve.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: When someone refers to 'rn(1)' ...  the number in parentheses mean?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.2)  When someone refers to 'rn(1)' or 'ctime(3)', what does
        the number in parentheses mean?

***************
*** 117,122 ****
--- 133,143 ----
        subsections of the sections above - Ultrix has sections 3m, 3n,
        3x and 3yp among others.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: What does {some strange unix command name} stand for?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.3)  What does {some strange unix command name} stand for?

        awk = "Aho Weinberger and Kernighan"
***************
*** 240,249 ****
        Don Libes' book "Life with Unix" contains lots more of these
        tidbits.

  1.4)  How does the gateway between "comp.unix.questions" and the
        "info-unix" mailing list work?

!       "info-unix" and "unix-qizards" are mailing list versions of
        comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.wizards respectively.
        There should be no difference in content between the
        mailing list and the newsgroup.
--- 261,275 ----
        Don Libes' book "Life with Unix" contains lots more of these
        tidbits.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How does the gateway between "comp.unix.questions" ... work ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.4)  How does the gateway between "comp.unix.questions" and the
        "info-unix" mailing list work?

!       "info-unix" and "unix-wizards" are mailing list versions of
        comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.wizards respectively.
        There should be no difference in content between the
        mailing list and the newsgroup.
***************
*** 296,315 ****
        roughly the same size and composition as the master list.
        Traffic runs 150K to 400K bytes per list per week on average.

  1.5)  What are some useful Unix or C books?

        Mitch Wright ([e-mail]) maintains a useful list of Unix
        and C books, with descriptions and some mini-reviews.  There are
!       currently 77 titles on his list.

        You can obtain a copy of this list by anonymous ftp from
!       ftp.wg.omron.co.jp (133.210.4.4), where it's
!       "pub/unix-faq/docs/Unix-C-Booklist".  If you can't use anonymous
!       ftp, email the line "help" to "[e-mail]" for
!       instructions on retrieving things via email.
!
        Send additions or suggestions to [e-mail].

  1.6)  What happened to the pronunciation list that used to be part of this
        document?

--- 322,362 ----
        roughly the same size and composition as the master list.
        Traffic runs 150K to 400K bytes per list per week on average.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: What are some useful Unix or C books?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.5)  What are some useful Unix or C books?

        Mitch Wright ([e-mail]) maintains a useful list of Unix
        and C books, with descriptions and some mini-reviews.  There are
!       currently 167 titles on his list.

        You can obtain a copy of this list by anonymous ftp from
!       ftp.rahul.net (192.160.13.1), where it's "pub/mitch/YABL/yabl".
        Send additions or suggestions to [e-mail].

+       Samuel Ko ([e-mail]) maintains another list of Unix books.
+       This list contains only recommended books, and is therefore
+       somewhat shorter.  This list is also a classified list, with
+       books grouped into categories, which may be better if you are
+       looking for a specific type of book.
+
+       You can obtain a copy of this list by anonymous ftp from
+       rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27), where it's
+       "pub/usenet/news.answers/books/unix".  Send additions or
+       suggestions to [e-mail].
+
+       If you can't use anonymous ftp, email the line "help" to
+       "[e-mail]" for instructions on retrieving
+       things via email.
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: What happened to the pronunciation list ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  1.6)  What happened to the pronunciation list that used to be part of this
        document?

***************
*** 325,330 ****
--- 372,382 ----

        If you'd like a copy, you can ftp one from ftp.wg.omron.co.jp
        (133.210.4.4), it's "pub/unix-faq/docs/Pronunciation-Guide".
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 1 of 7
+ **********************************

  --
  Ted Timar - [e-mail]
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:45
--- part2    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (2/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (2/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part2
! Version: $Id: part2,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:45 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part2
! Version: $Id: part2,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 63,68 ****
--- 69,79 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I remove a file whose name begins with a "-" ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.1)  How do I remove a file whose name begins with a "-" ?

        Figure out some way to name the file so that it doesn't begin
***************
*** 81,86 ****
--- 92,102 ----
        Some versions of rm that don't use getopt() treat a single "-"
        in the same way, so you can also try "rm - -filename".

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I remove a file with funny characters in the filename ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.2)  How do I remove a file with funny characters in the filename ?

        If the 'funny character' is a '/', skip to the last part of this
***************
*** 216,221 ****
--- 232,242 ----
        crawling around in the raw file system.  Use "fsdb", if you
        have it.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I get a recursive directory listing?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.3)  How do I get a recursive directory listing?

        One of the following may do what you want:
***************
*** 232,237 ****
--- 253,263 ----

        "find" is a powerful program.  Learn about it.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.4)  How do I get the current directory into my prompt?

        It depends which shell you are using.  It's easy with some
***************
*** 310,316 ****
      builtin variables (and many other features):

          %~        the current directory, using ~ for $HOME
!         %d or %/    the full pathname of the current directory
          %c or %.    the trailing component of the current directory

      so you can do
--- 336,342 ----
      builtin variables (and many other features):

          %~        the current directory, using ~ for $HOME
!         %/        the full pathname of the current directory
          %c or %.    the trailing component of the current directory

      so you can do
***************
*** 328,333 ****
--- 354,364 ----
      or
          PS1='\W $ '

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I read characters from the terminal in a shell script?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.5)  How do I read characters from the terminal in a shell script?

        In sh, use read.  It is most common to use a loop like
***************
*** 358,363 ****
--- 389,399 ----

          echo "Thank you for typing a $readchar ."

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar", or change file names to lowercase?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.6)  How do I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar", or change file names to lowercase?

        Why doesn't "mv *.foo *.bar" work?  Think about how the shell
***************
*** 471,476 ****
--- 507,517 ----
          rename($was,$_) unless $was eq $_;
      }

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Why do I get [some strange error message] when I "rsh host command" ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.7)  Why do I get [some strange error message] when I "rsh host command" ?

        (We're talking about the remote shell program "rsh" or sometimes
***************
*** 516,521 ****
--- 557,567 ----
        up (checking for new mail, unread news and so on) it's better to
        have them in the .login file.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I ... and have that change affect my current shell?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.8)  How do I {set an environment variable, change directory} inside
        a program or shell script and have that change affect my
        current shell?
***************
*** 572,577 ****
--- 618,629 ----
        the current directory into my prompt" section of this article for
        some examples.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I redirect stdout and stderr separately in csh?
+ From: [e-mail] (Mark Brader)
+ Date: Mon, 26 Oct 1992 20:15:00 -0500
+
  2.9)  How do I redirect stdout and stderr separately in csh?

        In csh, you can redirect stdout with ">", or stdout and stderr
***************
*** 591,600 ****

      sh -c 'command 2>stderr_file'

! 2.10) How do I tell inside .cshrc if I'm a login shell?

!       From: [e-mail] (Mark Brader)
!       Date: Mon, 26 Oct 1992 20:15:00 -0500

        When people ask this, they usually mean either

--- 643,654 ----

      sh -c 'command 2>stderr_file'

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I tell inside .cshrc if I'm a login shell?
! Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

! 2.10) How do I tell inside .cshrc if I'm a login shell?

        When people ask this, they usually mean either

***************
*** 637,642 ****
--- 691,701 ----

      source ~/.aliases

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I construct a ... matches all files except "." and ".." ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.11) How do I construct a shell glob-pattern that matches all files
        except "." and ".." ?

***************
*** 677,682 ****
--- 736,746 ----
        but even it will mess up on files with newlines, IFS characters
        or wildcards in their names.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I find the last argument in a Bourne shell script?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.12) How do I find the last argument in a Bourne shell script?

        Answer by:
***************
*** 778,783 ****
--- 842,852 ----
      eval set x "$argv"
      shift

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: What's wrong with having '.' in your $PATH ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  2.13) What's wrong with having '.' in your $PATH ?

        A bit of background: the PATH environment variable is a list of
***************
*** 838,843 ****
--- 907,917 ----
        If you do this, you'll need to type "./program" instead
        of "program" to run programs in the current directory, but
        the increase in security is probably worth it.
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 2 of 7
+ **********************************

  --
  Ted Timar - [e-mail]
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:49
--- part3    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (3/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (3/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part3
! Version: $Id: part3,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:49 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part3
! Version: $Id: part3,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 27,33 ****

  This article includes answers to:

!       3.1)  How do I find out the creation time of a file?
        3.2)  How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around
                until the remote command has completed?
        3.3)  How do I truncate a file?
--- 33,39 ----

  This article includes answers to:

!       3.1)  How do I find the creation time of a file?
        3.2)  How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around
                until the remote command has completed?
        3.3)  How do I truncate a file?
***************
*** 38,44 ****
        3.8)  Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
        3.9)  How do I run 'passwd', 'ftp', 'telnet', 'tip' and other interactive
                programs from a shell script or in the background?
!       3.10) How do I find out the process ID of a program with a particular
              name from inside a shell script or C program?
        3.11) How do I check the exit status of a remote command
              executed via "rsh" ?
--- 44,50 ----
        3.8)  Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
        3.9)  How do I run 'passwd', 'ftp', 'telnet', 'tip' and other interactive
                programs from a shell script or in the background?
!       3.10) How do I find the process ID of a program with a particular
              name from inside a shell script or C program?
        3.11) How do I check the exit status of a remote command
              executed via "rsh" ?
***************
*** 64,70 ****
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! 3.1)  How do I find out the creation time of a file?

        You can't - it isn't stored anywhere.  Files have a last-modified
        time (shown by "ls -l"), a last-accessed time (shown by "ls -lu")
--- 70,81 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I find the creation time of a file?
! Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
!
! 3.1)  How do I find the creation time of a file?

        You can't - it isn't stored anywhere.  Files have a last-modified
        time (shown by "ls -l"), a last-accessed time (shown by "ls -lu")
***************
*** 75,80 ****
--- 86,96 ----

        The man page for "stat(2)" discusses this.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.2)  How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around until the
        remote command has completed?

***************
*** 112,117 ****
--- 128,138 ----
        In many cases, various parts of these complicated commands
        aren't necessary.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I truncate a file?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.3)  How do I truncate a file?

        The BSD function ftruncate() sets the length of a file.  Xenix -
***************
*** 119,124 ****
--- 140,150 ----
        call.  For other systems, the only kind of truncation you can do
        is truncation to length zero with creat() or open(..., O_TRUNC).

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Why doesn't find's "{}" symbol do what I want?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.4)  Why doesn't find's "{}" symbol do what I want?

        "find" has a -exec option that will execute a particular command
***************
*** 184,189 ****
--- 210,220 ----
        it will be confused by files with odd characters such as newlines
        in their names.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I set the permissions on a symbolic link?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.5)  How do I set the permissions on a symbolic link?

        Permissions on a symbolic link don't really mean anything.  The
***************
*** 190,195 ****
--- 221,231 ----
        only permissions that count are the permissions on the file that
        the link points to.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I "undelete" a file?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.6)  How do I "undelete" a file?

        Someday, you are going to accidentally type something like
***************
*** 249,254 ****
--- 285,295 ----
        package was posted to comp.sources.misc (volume 17, issue
        023-026)

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How can a process detect if it's running in the background?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.7)  How can a process detect if it's running in the background?

        First of all: do you want to know if you're running in the
***************
*** 280,285 ****
--- 321,331 ----
        control, typically do what shells do on systems that don't
        support job control.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.8)  Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)

        Take the following example:
***************
*** 349,354 ****
--- 395,405 ----
        POSIX 1003.2 allows both behaviours so portable scripts cannot
        depend on any of them.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I run ... interactive programs from a shell script ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.9)  How do I run 'passwd', 'ftp', 'telnet', 'tip' and other interactive
        programs from a shell script or in the background?

***************
*** 408,415 ****
      #!/bin/sh
      ( sleep 5; echo "$2"; sleep 5; echo "$2") | pty passwd "$1"

! 3.10) How do I find out the process ID of a program with a particular
!       name from inside a shell script or C program?

        In a shell script:

--- 459,471 ----
      #!/bin/sh
      ( sleep 5; echo "$2"; sleep 5; echo "$2") | pty passwd "$1"

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I find the process ID of a program with a particular name ... ?
! Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
!
! 3.10) How do I find the process ID of a program with a particular name
!       from inside a shell script or C program?

        In a shell script:

***************
*** 468,473 ****
--- 524,534 ----
        usenet/alt.sources/articles/{329{6,7,8,9},330{0,1}}.Z from
        wuarchive.wustl.edu.)

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I check the exit status of a remote command executed via "rsh"?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.11) How do I check the exit status of a remote command
        executed via "rsh" ?

***************
*** 486,491 ****
--- 547,557 ----
        status of the command after it completes, and exits with that
        status.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Is it possible to pass shell variable settings into an awk program?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  3.12) Is it possible to pass shell variable settings into an awk program?

        There are two different ways to do this.  The first involves
***************
*** 534,543 ****
        specified, so you need to add a "-" argument to the end of your
        command, as I did at (3) above.

! 3.13) How do I get rid of zombie processes that persevere?

!       From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
!       Date: Fri, 17 Jan 92 14:40:09 -0500

        Unfortunately, it's impossible to generalize how the death of
        child processes should behave, because the exact mechanism varies
--- 600,612 ----
        specified, so you need to add a "-" argument to the end of your
        command, as I did at (3) above.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I get rid of zombie processes that persevere?
! From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
! Date: Fri, 17 Jan 92 14:40:09 -0500

! 3.13) How do I get rid of zombie processes that persevere?

        Unfortunately, it's impossible to generalize how the death of
        child processes should behave, because the exact mechanism varies
***************
*** 619,630 ****
        inefficient because it requires an extra fork, but is pretty much
        completely portable.

! 3.14) How do I get lines from a pipe as they are written instead of only in
!       larger blocks.

!       From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
!       Date: Sun, 16 Feb 92 20:59:28 -0500

        The stdio library does buffering differently depending on whether
        it thinks it's running on a tty.  If it thinks it's on a tty, it
        does buffering on a per-line basis; if not, it uses a larger
--- 688,702 ----
        inefficient because it requires an extra fork, but is pretty much
        completely portable.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: How do I get lines from a pipe ... instead of only in larger blocks?
! From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
! Date: Sun, 16 Feb 92 20:59:28 -0500

+ 3.14) How do I get lines from a pipe as they are written instead of only in
+       larger blocks?
+
        The stdio library does buffering differently depending on whether
        it thinks it's running on a tty.  If it thinks it's on a tty, it
        does buffering on a per-line basis; if not, it uses a larger
***************
*** 637,642 ****
--- 709,719 ----
        If not, the best you can do is try to convince the program that
        it's running on a tty by running it under a pty, e.g. by using
        the "pty" program mentioned in question 3.9.
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 3 of 7
+ **********************************

  --
  Ted Timar - [e-mail]
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:53
--- part4    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (4/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (4/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part4
! Version: $Id: part4,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:53 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part4
! Version: $Id: part4,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 62,67 ****
--- 68,78 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I read characters ... without requiring the user to hit RETURN?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.1)  How do I read characters from a terminal without requiring the user
        to hit RETURN?

***************
*** 96,101 ****
--- 107,117 ----
        doing some sort of screen display control, and the curses library
        provides various portable routines for both functions.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I check to see if there are characters to be read ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.2)  How do I check to see if there are characters to be read without
        actually reading?

***************
*** 127,132 ****
--- 143,153 ----
        don't have O_NDELAY; on these systems the closest you can get to
        a nonblocking read is to use alarm(2) to time out the read.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I find the name of an open file?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.3)  How do I find the name of an open file?

        In general, this is too difficult.  The file descriptor may
***************
*** 142,147 ****
--- 163,173 ----
        searching a 600 megabyte filesystem for a file that may not
        even exist is going to take some time.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How can an executing program determine its own pathname?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.4)  How can an executing program determine its own pathname?

        Your program can look at argv[0]; if it begins with a "/", it is
***************
*** 172,177 ****
--- 198,208 ----
        but of course this is just a hypothetical example, don't
        try it yourself :-)

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I use popen() to open a process for reading AND writing?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.5)  How do I use popen() to open a process for reading AND writing?

        The problem with trying to pipe both input and output to an
***************
*** 188,193 ****
--- 219,229 ----
        rather than pipes, and has no deadlock problem.  It's portable to
        both BSD and SV.  See the next answer for more about 'expect'.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How do I sleep() in a C program for less than one second?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.6)  How do I sleep() in a C program for less than one second?

        The first thing you need to be aware of is that all you can
***************
*** 285,290 ****
--- 321,331 ----
        resolution is limited to the kernel HZ value, since it uses the
        kernel delay() routine.)

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How can I get setuid shell scripts to work?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.7)  How can I get setuid shell scripts to work?

        [ This is a long answer, but it's a complicated and frequently-asked
***************
*** 423,428 ****
--- 464,474 ----
        All in all we get the impression setuid shell scripts are quite a
        risky business!  You may be better off writing a C program instead!

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: How can I find out which user or process has a file open ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.8)  How can I find out which user or process has a file open or is using
        a particular file system (so that I can unmount it?)

***************
*** 436,446 ****
        pff is part of the kstuff package, and works on quite a few systems.
        Instructions for obtaining kstuff are provided in question 3.10.

! 4.9)  How do I keep track of people who are fingering me?

!       From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
!       From: [e-mail] (Nikola Malenovic)
!       Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1992 16:01:45 -0600

        Generally, you can't find out the userid of someone who is
        fingering you from a remote machine.  You may be able to
--- 482,495 ----
        pff is part of the kstuff package, and works on quite a few systems.
        Instructions for obtaining kstuff are provided in question 3.10.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I keep track of people who are fingering me?
! From: [e-mail] (Jonathan I. Kamens)
! From: [e-mail] (Nikola Malenovic)
! Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1992 16:01:45 -0600

! 4.9)  How do I keep track of people who are fingering me?

        Generally, you can't find out the userid of someone who is
        fingering you from a remote machine.  You may be able to
***************
*** 489,494 ****
--- 538,548 ----
        the resources.  The reason for this is that buffers are allocated
        in a non-paged memory.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Is it possible to reconnect a process to a terminal ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.10) Is it possible to reconnect a process to a terminal after it has
        been disconnected, e.g. after starting a program in the background
        and logging out?
***************
*** 513,518 ****
--- 567,577 ----
        started a process under screen or pty in order to be able to
        detach and reattach it.

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: Is it possible to "spy" on a terminal ... ?
+ Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993
+
  4.11) Is it possible to "spy" on a terminal, displaying the output
        that's appearing on it on another terminal?

***************
*** 556,561 ****
--- 615,625 ----
          computer->terminal wires, this isn't much of a problem.  This is
          not something that should be attempted by anyone who is not very
          familiar with terminal wiring and such.
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 4 of 7
+ **********************************

  --
  Ted Timar - [e-mail]
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:55
--- part5    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (5/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (5/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part5
! Version: $Id: part5,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:55 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part5
! Version: $Id: part5,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 55,64 ****
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! 5.1)  Can shells be classified into categories?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

        In general there are two main class of shells.  The first class
        are those shells derived from the Bourne shell which includes sh,
--- 61,74 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
! Subject: Can shells be classified into categories?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500
!

! 5.1)  Can shells be classified into categories?

        In general there are two main class of shells.  The first class
        are those shells derived from the Bourne shell which includes sh,
***************
*** 72,90 ****
        shell category, and write other scripts that will work for all of
        the shells from the C shell category.

! 5.2)  How do I "include" one shell script from within another shell script?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

        All of the shells from the Bourne shell category (including rc)
        use the "." command.  All of the shells from the C shell category
        use "source".

! 5.3)  Do all shells have aliases?  Is there something else that can be used?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

        All of the major shells other than sh have aliases, but they
        don't all work the same way.  For example, some don't accept
--- 82,106 ----
        shell category, and write other scripts that will work for all of
        the shells from the C shell category.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How do I "include" one shell script from within another shell script?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

! 5.2)  How do I "include" one shell script from within another shell script?

        All of the shells from the Bourne shell category (including rc)
        use the "." command.  All of the shells from the C shell category
        use "source".

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Do all shells have aliases?  Is there something else that can be used?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

! 5.3)  Do all shells have aliases?  Is there something else that can be used?

        All of the major shells other than sh have aliases, but they
        don't all work the same way.  For example, some don't accept
***************
*** 97,106 ****

        Use unalias to remove aliases and unset to remove functions.

! 5.4)  How are shell variables assigned?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

        The shells from the C shell category use "set variable=value" for
        variables local to the shell and "setenv variable value" for
--- 113,125 ----

        Use unalias to remove aliases and unset to remove functions.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How are shell variables assigned?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500

! 5.4)  How are shell variables assigned?

        The shells from the C shell category use "set variable=value" for
        variables local to the shell and "setenv variable value" for
***************
*** 110,120 ****
        VARIABLE_NAME" to place the variable into the environment.  To
        get rid of the variables use unset.

! 5.5)  How can I tell if I am running an interactive shell?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       From: [e-mail] (DaviD W. Sanderson)
!       Date: Fri, 23 Oct 92 11:59:19 -0600

        In the C shell category, look for the variable $prompt.

--- 129,142 ----
        VARIABLE_NAME" to place the variable into the environment.  To
        get rid of the variables use unset.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: How can I tell if I am running an interactive shell?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! From: [e-mail] (DaviD W. Sanderson)
! Date: Fri, 23 Oct 92 11:59:19 -0600

! 5.5)  How can I tell if I am running an interactive shell?

        In the C shell category, look for the variable $prompt.

***************
*** 129,139 ****
                ;;
        esac

! 5.6)  What "dot" files do the various shells use?

!       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
!       From: [e-mail] (Thomas M. Breuel)
!       Date: Wed, 28 Oct 92 03:30:36 +0100

        Although this may not be a complete listing, this provides the
        majority of information.
--- 151,164 ----
                ;;
        esac

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: What "dot" files do the various shells use?
! From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
! From: [e-mail] (Thomas M. Breuel)
! Date: Wed, 28 Oct 92 03:30:36 +0100

! 5.6)  What "dot" files do the various shells use?

        Although this may not be a complete listing, this provides the
        majority of information.
***************
*** 214,225 ****
        Start-up:
                .rcrc - login shells

  5.7)  I would like to know more about the differences between the
        various shells.  Is this information available some place?

-       From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
-       Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500
-
        A very detailed comparison of sh, csh, tcsh, ksh, bash, zsh, and
        rc is available via anon.  ftp in several places:

--- 239,253 ----
        Start-up:
                .rcrc - login shells

+ ------------------------------
+
+ Subject: I would like to know more about the differences ... ?
+ From: [e-mail] (Matthew Wicks)
+ Date: Wed, 7 Oct 92 14:28:18 -0500
+
  5.7)  I would like to know more about the differences between the
        various shells.  Is this information available some place?

        A very detailed comparison of sh, csh, tcsh, ksh, bash, zsh, and
        rc is available via anon.  ftp in several places:

***************
*** 231,236 ****
--- 259,269 ----
        input/output redirection, and parameters/shell environment
        variables.  It doesn't discuss what dot files are used and the
        inheritance for environment variables and functions.
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 5 of 7
+ **********************************

  --
  Ted Timar - [e-mail]
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:43:57
--- part6    1993/03/18 23:06:38
***************
*** 1,5 ****
! Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (6/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (6/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part6
! Version: $Id: part6,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:43:57 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part6
! Version: $Id: part6,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 27,33 ****

  This article includes answers to:

!       6.1)  Disclaimer and introduction.
        6.2)  A very brief look at Unix history.
        6.3)  Main Unix flavors.
        6.4)  Unix Standards.
--- 33,39 ----

  This article includes answers to:

!       6.1)  Disclaimer, introduction and acknowledgements.
        6.2)  A very brief look at Unix history.
        6.3)  Main Unix flavors.
        6.4)  Unix Standards.
***************
*** 35,41 ****
        6.6)  Brief notes on some well-known (commercial/PD) Unices.
        6.7)  Real-time Unices.
        6.8)  Unix glossary.
-       6.9)  Acknowledgements.

  If you're looking for the answer to, say, question 6.5, and want to skip
  everything else, you can search ahead for the regular expression "^6.5)".
--- 41,46 ----
***************
*** 54,70 ****
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! 6.1)  Disclaimer and introduction.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        The following is offered with no guarantee as to accuracy or
!       completeness.  I have done what I can in the time available and
!       it still is very much work in progress.  I hope to keep improving
!       this summary.  Comments welcome:  [e-mail].  Acknowledgements
!       at the end.

        First a short definition.  By Unix we mean an operating system
        typically written in C, with a hierarchical file system,
--- 59,78 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
! Subject: Disclaimer, introduction and acknowledgements.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1

! 6.1)  Disclaimer, introduction and acknowledgements.

        The following is offered with no guarantee as to accuracy or
!       completeness.  I have done what I can in the time available,
!       often with conflicting information, and it still is very much work
!       in progress.  I hope to keep improving this summary.  Comments and
!       corrections welcome:  [e-mail].

        First a short definition.  By Unix we mean an operating system
        typically written in C, with a hierarchical file system,
***************
*** 97,107 ****
        and email.  Some specific sources are also mentioned in the
        appropriate sections.

! 6.2)  A very brief look at Unix history.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        Unix history goes back to 1969 and the famous "little-used PDP-7
        in a corner" on which Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie (the R in K&R)
--- 105,125 ----
        and email.  Some specific sources are also mentioned in the
        appropriate sections.

!       Acknowledgements: (in addition to references): [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail] [4.4BSD]
!       and all the other folks whose posts I read.  Many thanks!
!
! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: A very brief look at Unix history.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1

! 6.2)  A very brief look at Unix history.

        Unix history goes back to 1969 and the famous "little-used PDP-7
        in a corner" on which Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie (the R in K&R)
***************
*** 138,144 ****
       ported to the VAX as 32V.  The V7 kernel was a mere 40
       Kbytes!

!          Here (for reference) the system calls of V7:
          _exit, access, acct, alarm, brk, chdir, chmod, chown,
          chroot, close, creat, dup, dup2, exec*, exit, fork, fstat,
          ftime, getegid, geteuid, getgid, getpid, getuid, gtty,
--- 156,162 ----
       ported to the VAX as 32V.  The V7 kernel was a mere 40
       Kbytes!

!      Here (for reference) are the system calls of V7:
          _exit, access, acct, alarm, brk, chdir, chmod, chown,
          chroot, close, creat, dup, dup2, exec*, exit, fork, fstat,
          ftime, getegid, geteuid, getgid, getpid, getuid, gtty,
***************
*** 161,167 ****
        2nd edition of his book on C++), but we don't seem to hear much
        about this otherwise.  The company now responsible for Unix
        (System V) is called Unix System Laboratories (USL) and is
!       majority-owned by AT&T.

        But much happened to Unix outside AT&T, especially at Berkeley
        (where the other major flavor comes from).  Vendors (esp. of
--- 179,185 ----
        2nd edition of his book on C++), but we don't seem to hear much
        about this otherwise.  The company now responsible for Unix
        (System V) is called Unix System Laboratories (USL) and is
!       majority-owned by AT&T.  Apparently Novell wants to buy USL?!

        But much happened to Unix outside AT&T, especially at Berkeley
        (where the other major flavor comes from).  Vendors (esp. of
***************
*** 172,182 ****
        lot of the history, interactions, etc..  Much in the present
        section is summarized from this book.

! 6.3)  Main Unix flavors.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        Until recently, there were basically two main flavors of Unix:
        System V (five) from AT&T, and the Berkeley Software Distribution
--- 190,203 ----
        lot of the history, interactions, etc..  Much in the present
        section is summarized from this book.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Main Unix flavors.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Tue Mar  2 14:11:45 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.2

! 6.3)  Main Unix flavors.

        Until recently, there were basically two main flavors of Unix:
        System V (five) from AT&T, and the Berkeley Software Distribution
***************
*** 195,245 ****
       members include AT&T, Sun, ....
       Newsgroup: comp.unix.sysv[23]86.  Main releases:

!          - System III (1982): first commercial Unix from AT&T
!            - FIFOs (named pipes)  (later?)

!          - System V (1983):
!            - IPC package (shm, msg, sem)

!          - SVR2 (1984):
!            - shell functions (sh)
!            - SVID (System V Interface Definition)
!
!          - SVR3 (1986) for ? platforms:
!            - STREAMS (inspired by V8), poll(), TLI (network software)
!            - RFS
!            - shared libs
!            - SVID 2
!            - demand paging (if hardware supports)
!
!          - SVR3.2:
!            - merge with Xenix (Intel 80386)
!            - networking

!          - SVR4 (1988), mainstream of Unix implementations, merge of
         System V, BSD, and SunOS.
!            - From SVR3: sysadmin, terminal I/F, printer (from BSD?),
           RFS, STREAMS, uucp
!            - From BSD: FFS, TCP/IP, sockets, select(), csh
!            - From SunOS: NFS, OpenLook GUI, X11/NeWS, virtual memory
           subsystem with memory-mapped files, shared libraries
           (!= SVR3 ones?)
!            - ksh
!            - ANSI C
!            - Internationalization (8-bit clean)
!            - ABI (Application Binary Interface -- routines instead of traps)
!            - POSIX, X/Open, SVID3
!
!          - SVR4.1
!            - async I/O (from SunOS?)
!
!          - SVR4.2 (based on SVR4.1ES)
!            - Veritas FS, ACLs
!            - Dynamically loadable kernel modules
!
!          - Future:
!            - SVR4 MP (multiprocessor)
!            - Use of Chorus microkernel?

        Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).  Typical of VAXen, RISCs,
       many workstations.  More dynamic, research versions now than
--- 216,266 ----
       members include AT&T, Sun, ....
       Newsgroup: comp.unix.sysv[23]86.  Main releases:

!      - System III (1982): first commercial Unix from AT&T
!        - FIFOs (named pipes)  (later?)

!      - System V (1983):
!        - IPC package (shm, msg, sem)

!      - SVR2 (1984):
!        - shell functions (sh)
!        - SVID (System V Interface Definition)
!
!      - SVR3 (1986) for ? platforms:
!        - STREAMS (inspired by V8), poll(), TLI (network software)
!        - RFS
!        - shared libs
!        - SVID 2
!        - demand paging (if hardware supports)
!
!      - SVR3.2:
!        - merge with Xenix (Intel 80386)
!        - networking

!      - SVR4 (1988), mainstream of Unix implementations, merge of
         System V, BSD, and SunOS.
!        - From SVR3: sysadmin, terminal I/F, printer (from BSD?),
           RFS, STREAMS, uucp
!        - From BSD: FFS, TCP/IP, sockets, select(), csh
!        - From SunOS: NFS, OpenLook GUI, X11/NeWS, virtual memory
           subsystem with memory-mapped files, shared libraries
           (!= SVR3 ones?)
!        - ksh
!        - ANSI C
!        - Internationalization (8-bit clean)
!        - ABI (Application Binary Interface -- routines instead of traps)
!        - POSIX, X/Open, SVID3
!
!      - SVR4.1
!        - async I/O (from SunOS?)
!
!      - SVR4.2 (based on SVR4.1ES)
!        - Veritas FS, ACLs
!        - Dynamically loadable kernel modules
!
!      - Future:
!        - SVR4 MP (multiprocessor)
!        - Use of Chorus microkernel?

        Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).  Typical of VAXen, RISCs,
       many workstations.  More dynamic, research versions now than
***************
*** 249,297 ****
       the Computer System Research Group (CSRG).  They closed down
       in 1992.  Newsgroup: comp.unix.bsd.  Main releases:

!          (much reorganized wrt dates and releases, hope it's converging)

!          - 2.xBSD (1978) for PDP-11, still of significance? (2.11BSD
         was released in 1992!).
!            - csh

!          - 3BSD (1978):
!            - virtual memory

!          - 4.?BSD:
!            - termcap, curses
!            - vi
!
!          - 4.0BSD (1980):
!
!          - 4.1BSD (?): base of later AT&T CRG versions
!            - job control
!            - automatic kernel config
!            - vfork()
!
!          - 4.2BSD (1983):
!            - TCP/IP, sockets, ethernet
!            - UFS: long file names, symbolic links
!            - new reliable signals (4.1 reliable signals now in SVR3)
!            - select()

!          - 4.3BSD (1986) for VAX, ?:
!          - 4.3 Tahoe (1988): 4.3BSD with sources, support for Tahoe
         (32-bit supermini)
!            - Fat FFS
!            - New TCP algorithms
!          - 4.3 Reno (1990) for VAX, Tahoe, HP 9000/300:
!            - most of P1003.1
!            - NFS (from Sun)
!            - MFS (memory file system)
!            - OSI: TP4, CLNP, ISODE's FTAM, VT and X.500;  SLIP
!            - Kerberos
!
!          - 4.4BSD (will we ever see it?) for HP 9000, Sparc, 386, DEC, Tahoe:
!            - new FS organization, new process internals, new virtual
!          memory based on Mach 2.5
!            - POSIX compatibility
!            - OSI (based on ISODE), X.25

        The Open Software Foundation (OSF) released its Unix called OSF/1
       end of 1991.  Still requires an SVR2 license.
--- 270,333 ----
       the Computer System Research Group (CSRG).  They closed down
       in 1992.  Newsgroup: comp.unix.bsd.  Main releases:

!      (much reorganized wrt dates and releases, hope it's converging)

!      - 2.xBSD (1978) for PDP-11, still of significance? (2.11BSD
         was released in 1992!).
!        - csh

!      - 3BSD (1978):
!        - virtual memory

!      - 4.?BSD:
!        - termcap, curses
!        - vi
!
!      - 4.0BSD (1980):
!
!      - 4.1BSD (?): base of later AT&T CRG versions
!        - job control
!        - automatic kernel config
!        - vfork()
!
!      - 4.2BSD (1983):
!        - TCP/IP, sockets, ethernet
!        - UFS: long file names, symbolic links
!        - new reliable signals (4.1 reliable signals now in SVR3)
!        - select()

!      - 4.3BSD (1986) for VAX, ?:
!      - 4.3 Tahoe (1988): 4.3BSD with sources, support for Tahoe
         (32-bit supermini)
!        - Fat FFS
!        - New TCP algorithms
!      - 4.3 Reno (1990) for VAX, Tahoe, HP 9000/300:
!        - most of P1003.1
!        - NFS (from Sun)
!        - MFS (memory file system)
!        - OSI: TP4, CLNP, ISODE's FTAM, VT and X.500;  SLIP
!        - Kerberos
!
!      - Net1 (?) and Net2 (June 1991) tapes: that portion of BSD which
!        requires no USL copyright
!
!      - 4.4BSD (alpha June 1992) for HP 9000/300, Sparc, 386, DEC, others;
!        neither VAX nor Tahoe; two versions, lite (~Net2 contents plus,
!        fixes and new architectures) and encumbered (everything, requires
!        USL license):
!        - new virtual memory system (VMS) based on Mach 2.5
!        - virtual filesystem interface, log-structured filesystem, size
!          of local filesystem up to 2^63, NFS (freely redistributable,
!          works with Sun's, over UDP or TCP)
!        - ISO/OSI networking support (based on ISODE): TP4/CLNP/802.3 and
!          TP0/CONS/X.25, session and above in user space;  FTAM, VT, X.500.
!        - most of POSIX.1 (esp. new terminal driver a la SV), much of
!          POSIX.2, improved job control; ANSI C headers
!        - Kerberos integrated with much of the system (incl. NFS)
!        - TCP/IP enhancements (incl. header prediction, SLIP)
!        - important kernel changes (new system call convention, ...)
!        - other improvements: FIFOs, byte-range file locking
!        Official 4.4BSD release was expected within 6 months of above.

        The Open Software Foundation (OSF) released its Unix called OSF/1
       end of 1991.  Still requires an SVR2 license.
***************
*** 298,318 ****
       Compatible/compliant with SVID 2 (and 3 coming), POSIX,
       X/Open, etc..  OSF members include Apollo, Dec, HP, IBM, ....

!          - OSF/1 (1991):
!            - based on Mach 2.5 kernel
!            - symmetric multiprocessing, parallelized kernel, threads
!            - logical volumes, disk mirroring, UFS (native), S5 FS, NFS
!            - enhanced security (B1 with some B2, B3; or C2), 4.3BSD admin
!            - STREAMS, TLI/XTI, sockets
!            - shared libs, dynamic loader (incl. kernel)
!            - Motif GUI

!          - Future:
!            - OSF/1 MK (mikrokernel) based on Mach 3.0

        This list of major flavors should probably also include Xenix
!       which has been the basis for many ports.  Derived from V7, S III
!       and finally System V, it is similar externally but significantly
        changed internally (performance-tuned for micros).


--- 334,354 ----
       Compatible/compliant with SVID 2 (and 3 coming), POSIX,
       X/Open, etc..  OSF members include Apollo, Dec, HP, IBM, ....

!      - OSF/1 (1991):
!        - based on Mach 2.5 kernel
!        - symmetric multiprocessing, parallelized kernel, threads
!        - logical volumes, disk mirroring, UFS (native), S5 FS, NFS
!        - enhanced security (B1 with some B2, B3; or C2), 4.3BSD admin
!        - STREAMS, TLI/XTI, sockets
!        - shared libs, dynamic loader (incl. kernel)
!        - Motif GUI

!      - Future:
!        - OSF/1 MK (mikrokernel) based on Mach 3.0

        This list of major flavors should probably also include Xenix
!       (Microsoft) which has been the basis for many ports.  Derived from V7,
!       S III and finally System V, it is similar externally but significantly
        changed internally (performance-tuned for micros).


***************
*** 320,326 ****
        These are:
        - System V: "Design of the Unix Operating SYstem", M.J. Bach.
        - BSD: "Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD Unix Operating System",
!         Leffler, McKusick, Karels, Quaterman.
        For a good introduction to OSF/1 (not quite as technical as the
        previous two), see: "Guide to OSF/1, A Technical Synopsis",
        published by O'Reilly.  On SunOS, "Virtual Memory Architecture in
--- 356,362 ----
        These are:
        - System V: "Design of the Unix Operating SYstem", M.J. Bach.
        - BSD: "Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD Unix Operating System",
!     Leffler, McKusick, Karels, Quaterman.
        For a good introduction to OSF/1 (not quite as technical as the
        previous two), see: "Guide to OSF/1, A Technical Synopsis",
        published by O'Reilly.  On SunOS, "Virtual Memory Architecture in
***************
*** 332,343 ****
        information include the bsd-faq file, and many of the newsgroups
        mentioned in the text.

! 6.4)  Unix Standards.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        This section briefly describes the more important standards
        relevant to Unix.

--- 368,382 ----
        information include the bsd-faq file, and many of the newsgroups
        mentioned in the text.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: Unix Standards.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1

+ 6.4)  Unix Standards.
+
        This section briefly describes the more important standards
        relevant to Unix.

***************
*** 344,359 ****
        - IEEE:
          - 802.x (LAN) standards (LLC, ethernet, token ring, token bus)
          - POSIX (ISO 9945?): Portable Operating System I/F (Unix, VMS
!       and OS/2!) (only ? have been finalized at this point)
            - 1003.1:  library procedures (mostly system calls) -- roughly V7
                       except for signals and terminal I/F (1990)
            - 1003.2:  shell and utilities
            - 1003.3:  test methods and conformance
!       - 1003.4:  real-time: binary semaphores, process memory
!              locking, memory-mapped files, shared memory,
!              priority scheduling, real-time signals, clocks and
!              timers, IPC message passing, synchronized I/O,
!              asynchronous I/O, real-time files
            - 1003.5:  Ada language bindings
            - 1003.6:  security
            - 1003.7:  system admin (incl. printing)
--- 383,398 ----
        - IEEE:
          - 802.x (LAN) standards (LLC, ethernet, token ring, token bus)
          - POSIX (ISO 9945?): Portable Operating System I/F (Unix, VMS
!           and OS/2!) (only ? have been finalized at this point)
            - 1003.1:  library procedures (mostly system calls) -- roughly V7
                       except for signals and terminal I/F (1990)
            - 1003.2:  shell and utilities
            - 1003.3:  test methods and conformance
!           - 1003.4:  real-time: binary semaphores, process memory
!                      locking, memory-mapped files, shared memory,
!                      priority scheduling, real-time signals, clocks and
!                      timers, IPC message passing, synchronized I/O,
!                      asynchronous I/O, real-time files
            - 1003.5:  Ada language bindings
            - 1003.6:  security
            - 1003.7:  system admin (incl. printing)
***************
*** 373,388 ****
              Vol 1:  commands and utilities
              Vol 2:  system calls and libraries
              Vol 3:  terminal I/F (curses, termio), IPC (SV),
!             internationalization
              Vol 4:  programming languages (C, COBOL!)
              Vol 5:  data management (ISAM, SQL)
!           - XPG3 adds: ?
          - XOM series of interfaces:
            - XOM (X/Open Object Management) generic I/F mechanisms for
!         following
            - XDS (X/Open Directory Service)
            - XMH (X/Open Mail ??)
!           - XCM (X/Open Consolidated Management) (not yet approved?)

        - AT&T
          - System V Interface Definition (SVID)
--- 412,428 ----
              Vol 1:  commands and utilities
              Vol 2:  system calls and libraries
              Vol 3:  terminal I/F (curses, termio), IPC (SV),
!                     internationalization
              Vol 4:  programming languages (C, COBOL!)
              Vol 5:  data management (ISAM, SQL)
!           - XPG3 (1989) adds: X11 API
!           - XPG4 (1992) adds: XTI?
          - XOM series of interfaces:
            - XOM (X/Open Object Management) generic I/F mechanisms for
!             following
            - XDS (X/Open Directory Service)
            - XMH (X/Open Mail ??)
!           - XMP (X/Open Management Protocols) -- not Bull's CM API?

        - AT&T
          - System V Interface Definition (SVID)
***************
*** 399,409 ****
            - Transport Library Interface (TLI)
            - ACSE/Presentation Library Interface (APLI)

! 6.5)  Identifying your Unix flavor.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        This section lists a number of things you can look at in
        attempting to identify the base flavor of your Unix.  Given the
--- 439,452 ----
            - Transport Library Interface (TLI)
            - ACSE/Presentation Library Interface (APLI)

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Identifying your Unix flavor.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
! X-Version: 2.0

! 6.5)  Identifying your Unix flavor.

        This section lists a number of things you can look at in
        attempting to identify the base flavor of your Unix.  Given the
***************
*** 424,454 ****
        initialization (inittab or ttys) is a more reliable indicator
        than the print subsystem.

!       Feature            Typical in SVRx          Typical in xBSD

!       kernel name        /unix                    /vmunix
!       terminal init      /etc/inittab             /etc/ttys (only getty to 4.3)
!       boot init          /etc/rc.d directories    /etc/rc.* files
!       mounted FSs        /etc/mnttab              /etc/mtab
!       usual shell        sh, ksh                  csh, #! hack
!       native FS          S5 (blk: 512-2K)         UFS (blk: 4K-8K)
!                          file names <= 14 bytes   file names < 255 bytes
!       groups             need newgrp(1)           automatic membership
!                          SVR4: multiple groups
!       print subsystem    lp, lpstat, cancel       lpr, lpq, lprm (lpd daemon) ??
!       terminal control   termio, terminfo,        termios (sgtty before 4.3reno)
!                          SVR4: termios (POSIX)    termcap
!       job control        >= SVR4                  yes
!       ps command         ps -ef                   ps -aux
!       string fcns        memset, memcpy           bzero, bcopy
!       process mapping    /proc  (SVR4)

  6.6)  Brief notes on some well-known (commercial/PD) Unices.

-       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
-       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
-       Version: 2.0
-
        (I am not at all satisfied with this section, unfortunately I
        have neither the time nor the documents to make it much better
        (wrt contents).  Should only list Unices known by a reasonably
--- 467,500 ----
        initialization (inittab or ttys) is a more reliable indicator
        than the print subsystem.

!       Feature           Typical in SVRx         Typical in xBSD

!       kernel name       /unix                   /vmunix
!       terminal init     /etc/inittab            /etc/ttys (only getty to 4.3)
!       boot init         /etc/rc.d directories   /etc/rc.* files
!       mounted FSs       /etc/mnttab             /etc/mtab
!       usual shell       sh, ksh                 csh, #! hack
!       native FS         S5 (blk: 512-2K)        UFS (blk: 4K-8K)
!                         file names <= 14 bytes  file names < 255 bytes
!       groups            need newgrp(1)          automatic membership
!                         SVR4: multiple groups
!       print subsystem   lp, lpstat, cancel      lpr, lpq, lprm (lpd daemon) ??
!       terminal control  termio, terminfo,       termios (sgtty before 4.3reno)
!                         SVR4: termios (POSIX)   termcap
!       job control       >= SVR4                 yes
!       ps command        ps -ef                  ps -aux
!       string fcns       memset, memcpy          bzero, bcopy
!       process mapping   /proc  (SVR4)
!
! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Brief notes on some well-known (commercial/PD) Unices.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1

  6.6)  Brief notes on some well-known (commercial/PD) Unices.

        (I am not at all satisfied with this section, unfortunately I
        have neither the time nor the documents to make it much better
        (wrt contents).  Should only list Unices known by a reasonably
***************
*** 459,472 ****
        known Unices along with a brief description of their nature.

        AIX:  IBM's Unix, based on SVR2 (later up to SVR3.2?) with varying
!      degrees of BSD extensions, for various hardwares.  Proprietary
!      system admin (SMIT).  Both 850 and Latin-1 CPs.  Quite
!      different from most Unices and among themselves.
!      Newsgroup: comp.unix.aix.
           - 1.x (for 386 PS/2)
           - 2.x (for PC RTs)
           - 3.x (for RS/6000), paging kernel, logical volume manager, i18n;
!            3.2 adds TLI/STREAMS
           - there is also a version for S/370 mainframes (as task under VM)
           Was to have been base for OSF/1 until Mach was chosen instead.

--- 505,518 ----
        known Unices along with a brief description of their nature.

        AIX:  IBM's Unix, based on SVR2 (later up to SVR3.2?) with varying
!          degrees of BSD extensions, for various hardwares.  Proprietary
!          system admin (SMIT).  Both 850 and Latin-1 CPs.  Quite
!          different from most Unices and among themselves.
!          Newsgroup: comp.unix.aix.
           - 1.x (for 386 PS/2)
           - 2.x (for PC RTs)
           - 3.x (for RS/6000), paging kernel, logical volume manager, i18n;
!            3.2 adds TLI/STREAMS.  SV-based with many enhancements.
           - there is also a version for S/370 mainframes (as task under VM)
           Was to have been base for OSF/1 until Mach was chosen instead.

***************
*** 477,491 ****

        A/UX (Apple): SV with Berkeley enhancements, NFS, Mac GUI.  System 6
           (later System 7) runs as guest of A/UX (opposite of MachTen).
!      Newsgroup: comp.unix.aux.
           - 2.0:  SVR2 with 4.2BSD, system 6 Mac applications.
!          - 3.0 (1992): SVR2.2 with 4.3BSD, system 7 applications.

        BOS for Bull's DPX/2 (680x0)
           - V1 (1990): SVR3 with BSD extensions (FFS, select, sockets),
!        symmetric MP, X11R3
           - V2 (1991): adds job control, disk mirroring, C2 security,
!        DCE extensions

        386BSD: Jolitz's port of Net2 software.  Posix, 32-bit, still in alpha.

--- 523,540 ----

        A/UX (Apple): SV with Berkeley enhancements, NFS, Mac GUI.  System 6
           (later System 7) runs as guest of A/UX (opposite of MachTen).
!          Newsgroup: comp.unix.aux.
           - 2.0:  SVR2 with 4.2BSD, system 6 Mac applications.
!          - 3.0 (1992): SVR2.2 with 4.3BSD and SVR3/4 extensions; X11R4,
!            MacX, TCP/IP, NFS, NIS, RPC/XDR, various shells, UFS or S5FS.
!            System 7 applications.
!          - 4.0 will have/be OSF/1.

        BOS for Bull's DPX/2 (680x0)
           - V1 (1990): SVR3 with BSD extensions (FFS, select, sockets),
!            symmetric MP, X11R3
           - V2 (1991): adds job control, disk mirroring, C2 security,
!            DCE extensions

        386BSD: Jolitz's port of Net2 software.  Posix, 32-bit, still in alpha.

***************
*** 497,503 ****
        Coherent (80286):  Unix clone compatible with V7, some SVR2 (IPC).
           V4.0 is 32-bit.  Newsgroup: comp.os.coherent

!       Consensys: SVR4

        CTIX: SV-based, from Convergent

--- 546,552 ----
        Coherent (80286):  Unix clone compatible with V7, some SVR2 (IPC).
           V4.0 is 32-bit.  Newsgroup: comp.os.coherent

!       Consensys: SVR4.2

        CTIX: SV-based, from Convergent

***************
*** 521,528 ****
        FTX: Stratus fault-tolerant OS (68K or i860-i960 hardware)

        GNU Hurd (?):  vaporware from the Free Software Foundation (FSF):
!      Unix emulator over Mach 3.0 kernel.  Many GNU tools are very
!      popular (emacs) and used in the PD Unices.

        HP-UX (HP):  old from S III (SVRx), now SVR2 (4.2BSD?) with SV utilities
           (they have trouble making up their minds).
--- 570,577 ----
        FTX: Stratus fault-tolerant OS (68K or i860-i960 hardware)

        GNU Hurd (?):  vaporware from the Free Software Foundation (FSF):
!          Unix emulator over Mach 3.0 kernel.  Many GNU tools are very
!          popular (emacs) and used in the PD Unices.

        HP-UX (HP):  old from S III (SVRx), now SVR2 (4.2BSD?) with SV utilities
           (they have trouble making up their minds).
***************
*** 529,535 ****
           - 6.5: SVR2
           - 7.0: SVR3.2, symlinks
           - 7.5
!          - 8.0: BSD based? for HP-9000 CISC (300/400) and RISC (800/700)

        Interactive SVR3.2 (80x86): pure SVR3.  Interactive has been bought
           by Sun; will their system survive Solaris?
--- 578,586 ----
           - 6.5: SVR2
           - 7.0: SVR3.2, symlinks
           - 7.5
!          - 8.0: BSD based? for HP-9000 CISC (300/400) and RISC (800/700),
!            shared libs
!          - 9.0: includes DCE

        Interactive SVR3.2 (80x86): pure SVR3.  Interactive has been bought
           by Sun; will their system survive Solaris?
***************
*** 539,552 ****

        Irix (SGI):  SVR3.2, much BSD.  Newsgroup: comp.sys.sgi.

!       Linux (80386):  PD Unix, SVish.  Available with sources.
!          Newsgroup: comp.os.linux

        MachTen, Tenon Intersystems:  runs as a guest of System 6, no memory
           protection, 4.3BSD environment with TCP, NFS.

        MacMach (Mac II): 4.3BSD over Mach 3.0 microkernel, X11, Motif, GNU
!          software, sources, experimental System 7 as Mach task.

        Mach386: from Mt Xinu.  Based on Mach 2.5, with 4.3BSD-Tahoe
           enhancements.  Also 2.6 MSD (Mach Source Distribution).
--- 590,604 ----

        Irix (SGI):  SVR3.2, much BSD.  Newsgroup: comp.sys.sgi.

!       Linux (80386):  PD Unix, conforms to POSIX.  Available with sources.
!          Compatible with SVR3.2?  Newsgroup: comp.os.linux

        MachTen, Tenon Intersystems:  runs as a guest of System 6, no memory
           protection, 4.3BSD environment with TCP, NFS.

        MacMach (Mac II): 4.3BSD over Mach 3.0 microkernel, X11, Motif, GNU
!          software, sources, experimental System 7 as Mach task.  Complete
!          with all sources (need Unix license).

        Mach386: from Mt Xinu.  Based on Mach 2.5, with 4.3BSD-Tahoe
           enhancements.  Also 2.6 MSD (Mach Source Distribution).
***************
*** 563,572 ****

        Net/2 tape (from Berkeley, 1991): BSD Unix, essentially compatible with
           4.3BSD, includes only sources free of AT&T code, no low-level code.
!      See 386BSD and BSD/386 above.

!       NextStep (Next):  BSD over Mach kernel, own GUI.  386 version coming?
!          - 1.0

        NEWS-OS (Sony)
           - 3.2
--- 615,629 ----

        Net/2 tape (from Berkeley, 1991): BSD Unix, essentially compatible with
           4.3BSD, includes only sources free of AT&T code, no low-level code.
!          See 386BSD and BSD/386 above.

!       NextStep (Next):  BSD4.3 over Mach kernel, own GUI.
!          - 1.x, 2.0 (old)
!          - 2.1 (current)
!          - 2.2 (support for NeXT Turbo machines)
!          - 3.0 (now shipping, optimized for 68040 machines)
!          - 3.1 (to be announced)
!          - NeXTSTEP 486 Beta release is scheduled for the 4th quarter 1992.

        NEWS-OS (Sony)
           - 3.2
***************
*** 575,597 ****

        PC-IX (IBM 8086):  SV

!       SCO Xenix (80x86):

        SCO Unix (80x86):  SVR3.2

        Solaris (Sparc, 80386):
           - 1.0:  essentially same as SunOS 4.1.1, with OpenWindows 2.0 and
             DeskSet utilities.
           - 1.0.1:  SunOS 4.1.2 with multiprocessing (kernel not multithreaded);
             not for 386
!          - 2.0:  will be based on SVR4 (and have symmetric MP), will include
!            support for 386;  with OpenWindows 3.0 (X11R4), DeskSet, ONC, NIS.
!            Compilers unbundled!
!
!       SunOS (680x0, Sparc, i386):  based on 4.3BSD, includes much from System V.
!          Main Sun achievements: NFS (1984), SunView (1985), NeWS
!      (1986, postscript imaging, now in OpenWindows), OpenLook GUI standard,
!      OpenWindows (NeWS, X11, SunView!).  Newsgroup: comp.sys.sun.*.
           - 3.x:  SV IPC package, FIFOs
           - 4.0.3: lightweight processes, new virtual mem, shared libs
           - 4.1: STREAMS & TLI, 8-bit clean?, async I/O, ms-dos file system
--- 632,665 ----

        PC-IX (IBM 8086):  SV

!       Plan 9 (AT&T): announced 1992, complete rewrite, not clear how close to
!          Unix it is.  Key points: distributed, very small, various hardwares
!          (Sun, Mips, Next, SGI, generic hobbit, 680x0, PCs), C (not C++ as
!          rumors had it), new compiler, "8 1/2" window system (also very
!          small), 16-bit Unicode, CPU/file servers over high speed nets.

+       SCO Xenix (80x86): Versions for XT (not robust!), 286, 386 (with demand
+          paging).  Today bulk of code is from System V.  Stable product.
+
        SCO Unix (80x86):  SVR3.2

+       Sinix: System V base.
+
        Solaris (Sparc, 80386):
           - 1.0:  essentially same as SunOS 4.1.1, with OpenWindows 2.0 and
             DeskSet utilities.
           - 1.0.1:  SunOS 4.1.2 with multiprocessing (kernel not multithreaded);
             not for 386
!          - 2.0: (initially announced as SunOS 5.0 in 1988) based on SVR4
!            (with symmetric MP?), will include support for 386; with
!            OpenWindows 3.0 (X11R4) and OpenLook, DeskSet, ONC, NIS.  Both
!            a.out (BSD) and elf (SVR4) formats.  Kerberos support.  Compilers
!            unbundled!
!
!       SunOS (680x0, Sparc, i386):  based on 4.3BSD, includes much from
!          System V.  Main Sun achievements: NFS (1984), SunView (1985), NeWS
!          (1986, postscript imaging, now in OpenWindows), OpenLook GUI standard,
!          OpenWindows (NeWS, X11, SunView!).  Newsgroup: comp.sys.sun.*.
           - 3.x:  SV IPC package, FIFOs
           - 4.0.3: lightweight processes, new virtual mem, shared libs
           - 4.1: STREAMS & TLI, 8-bit clean?, async I/O, ms-dos file system
***************
*** 603,609 ****
           Newsgroup: comp.unix.ultrix.
           - 3.1, 4.0

!       UNICOS (Cray):  Newsgroup: comp.unix.cray
           - 5.x, 6,x, 7.0

        UTEK (Tektronix)
--- 671,677 ----
           Newsgroup: comp.unix.ultrix.
           - 3.1, 4.0

!       UNICOS (Cray):  System V base.  Newsgroup: comp.unix.cray
           - 5.x, 6,x, 7.0

        UTEK (Tektronix)
***************
*** 613,633 ****
           S III and even V7).  Newsgroup: comp.unix.xenix.

        3B1 (680x0): SV-based, done by Convergent for AT&T.
!      Newsgroup: comp.sys.3b1.

! 6.7)  Real-time Unices.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        This information is fragmentary.  I doubt all of following are Unices --
           input is welcome.

        RTU (Concurrent), for 68K boxes

        Stellix (Stardent); it's Unix, but is it real-time?

        Velocity (Ready Systems):

        VxWorks (Wind River Systems):  BSDish, no termcap.
--- 681,716 ----
           S III and even V7).  Newsgroup: comp.unix.xenix.

        3B1 (680x0): SV-based, done by Convergent for AT&T.
!          Newsgroup: comp.sys.3b1.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Real-time Unices.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1

! 6.7)  Real-time Unices.

        This information is fragmentary.  I doubt all of following are Unices --
           input is welcome.

+       Convex RTS
+
+       LynxOS (Beach Tree)
+
+       REAL/IX (AEG)
+
        RTU (Concurrent), for 68K boxes

+       Sorix (Siemens)
+
        Stellix (Stardent); it's Unix, but is it real-time?

+       System V/86 (Motorola)
+
+       TC/IX (CCD)
+
        Velocity (Ready Systems):

        VxWorks (Wind River Systems):  BSDish, no termcap.
***************
*** 635,645 ****

        pSOS??

! 6.8)  Unix glossary.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0

        This section provides short definitions of various concepts and
        components of (or related to) Unix systems.
--- 718,731 ----

        pSOS??

! ------------------------------

! Subject: Unix glossary.
! From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
! Date: Fri Jan  8 14:56:22 EST 1993
! X-Version: 2.1
!
! 6.8)  Unix glossary.

        This section provides short definitions of various concepts and
        components of (or related to) Unix systems.
***************
*** 654,674 ****

        DME (Distributed Management Environment, from OSF):  future.

!       FFS (Fast File System): alias for UFS (BSD name)

        Mach: modern kernels from CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) on which many
           Unices and other OSs are based (e.g. OSF/1, MacMach, ...):
           - 2.5: monolithic kernel with 4.2BSD
           - 3.0: microkernel with BSD Unix server in user space (and other OSs,
!        e.g. MS-DOS)
           Newsgroup: comp.os.mach

!       MFS: Memory File System

        NFS (Network File System):  contributed by Sun to BSD, stateless server

        ONC (Open Network Computing): from Sun(?), includes RPC, name service
!      (NIS aka YP), NFS, ... (found in many Unices, other OSs).

        RFS (Remote File System):  SV, stateful server, incompatible with NFS

--- 740,765 ----

        DME (Distributed Management Environment, from OSF):  future.

!       FFS (Fast File System): from Berkeley, 1983.  Equivalent (exact?) of
!          UFS in SunOS.  Has notions such as cylinder groups, fragments.

        Mach: modern kernels from CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) on which many
           Unices and other OSs are based (e.g. OSF/1, MacMach, ...):
           - 2.5: monolithic kernel with 4.2BSD
           - 3.0: microkernel with BSD Unix server in user space (and other OSs,
!            e.g. MS-DOS)
           Newsgroup: comp.os.mach

!       MFS (Memory File System):

+       NeWS (Network extensible Window System), from Sun?: PostScript-based,
+          networked, toolkits (and even clients) loaded in server.  Part of
+          OpenWindows.
+
        NFS (Network File System):  contributed by Sun to BSD, stateless server

        ONC (Open Network Computing): from Sun(?), includes RPC, name service
!          (NIS aka YP), NFS, ... (found in many Unices, other OSs).

        RFS (Remote File System):  SV, stateful server, incompatible with NFS

***************
*** 684,705 ****
        STREAMS:  a message-passing kernel mechanism, initially in SVR3, which
           provides a very good interface for protocol development.

        TLI (Transport Library Interface):  SV's interface to transport services
           (TCP, OSI).  UI has also defined an APLI (ACSE/Presentation Library
           Interface)

!       UFS (?):  BSD's native file system, blocks 4K to 8K, cylinder groups,
!          fragments.

        XTI (X/Open Transport Interface):  TLI with enhancements

! 6.9)  Acknowledgements.

!       From: "Pierre (P.) Lewis" <[e-mail]>
!       Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 15:29:00 +0000
!       Version: 2.0
!
!       (in addition to references): [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail], [e-mail],
!       [e-mail].  Many thanks!
--- 775,798 ----
        STREAMS:  a message-passing kernel mechanism, initially in SVR3, which
           provides a very good interface for protocol development.

+       TFS (Translucent File System): Sun, COW applied to files.
+
        TLI (Transport Library Interface):  SV's interface to transport services
           (TCP, OSI).  UI has also defined an APLI (ACSE/Presentation Library
           Interface)

!       UFS (?): BSD's native file system as seen in SunOS, blocks 4K to 8K,
!          cylinder groups, fragments.

        XTI (X/Open Transport Interface):  TLI with enhancements

!       X11: pixel-oriented window system from MIT.
!
! ------------------------------
!
! End of unix/faq Digest part 6 of 7
! **********************************

! --
! Ted Timar - [e-mail]
! Empress Software, 3100 Steeles Ave E, Markham, Ont., Canada L3R 8T3
*** 2.1    1992/12/04 07:44:00
--- part7    1993/03/18 23:06:39
***************
*** 1,5 ****
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (7/7) [Frequent posting]
--- 1,5 ----
  Distribution: world
! Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers,comp.answers
  Followup-To: comp.unix.questions
  Organization: Empress Software
  Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (7/7) [Frequent posting]
***************
*** 6,12 ****
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part7
! Version: $Id: part7,v 2.1 1992/12/04 07:44:00 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
--- 6,12 ----
  Approved: [e-mail]

  Archive-name: unix-faq/faq/part7
! Version: $Id: part7,v 2.2 1993/03/18 23:06:21 tmatimar Exp $

  These seven articles contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
  Questions often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
***************
*** 14,19 ****
--- 14,25 ----
  of times already - and please don't flame someone just because they may
  not have read this particular posting.  Thank you.

+ Many FAQs, including this one, are available on the archive site
+ rtfm.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+ The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"
+ line at the top of the article.  This FAQ is archived as
+ "unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]".
+
  These articles are divided approximately as follows:

        1.*) General questions.
***************
*** 34,45 ****
        7.5)  What's an RCS symbolic name?
        7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?
        7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
!       7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle with problems?
!       7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.
!       7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Support
!       7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison
!       7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
!       7.13) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

  If you're looking for the answer to, say, question 7.5, and want to skip
  everything else, you can search ahead for the regular expression "^7.5)".
--- 40,52 ----
        7.5)  What's an RCS symbolic name?
        7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?
        7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
!       7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle problems?
!       7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they interact with make(1)?
!       7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion
!       7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Support
!       7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison
!       7.13) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
!       7.14) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

  If you're looking for the answer to, say, question 7.5, and want to skip
  everything else, you can search ahead for the regular expression "^7.5)".
***************
*** 58,67 ****
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! 7.1)  RCS vs SCCS:  Introduction

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        The majority of the replies (in a recent poll) were in favor of
        RCS, a few for SCCS, and a few suggested alternatives such as CVS.
--- 65,77 ----
  corrections for any of these answers, please send them to to
  [e-mail].

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Introduction
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>
!
! 7.1)  RCS vs SCCS:  Introduction

        The majority of the replies (in a recent poll) were in favor of
        RCS, a few for SCCS, and a few suggested alternatives such as CVS.
***************
*** 71,80 ****

        Note that RCS learned from the mistakes of SCCS...

! 7.2)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do the interfaces compare?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        RCS has an easier interface for first time users.  There are less
        commands, it is more intuitive and consistent, and it provides
--- 81,93 ----

        Note that RCS learned from the mistakes of SCCS...

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  How do the interfaces compare?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

! 7.2)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do the interfaces compare?

        RCS has an easier interface for first time users.  There are less
        commands, it is more intuitive and consistent, and it provides
***************
*** 83,93 ****
        Branches have to be specifically created in SCCS.  In RCS, they
        are checked in as any other version.

! 7.3)  RCS vs SCCS:  What's in a Revision File?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        RCS keeps history in files with a ",v" suffix.  SCCS keeps
        history in files with a "s." prefix.

--- 96,109 ----
        Branches have to be specifically created in SCCS.  In RCS, they
        are checked in as any other version.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  What's in a Revision File?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

+ 7.3)  RCS vs SCCS:  What's in a Revision File?
+
        RCS keeps history in files with a ",v" suffix.  SCCS keeps
        history in files with a "s." prefix.

***************
*** 111,120 ****
        you edit an SCCS file, you will have to recalculate the checksum
        using the admin program.

! 7.4)  RCS vs SCCS:  What are the keywords?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        RCS and SCCS use different keywords that are expanded in the
        text.  For SCCS the keyword "%I%" is replaced with the revision
--- 127,139 ----
        you edit an SCCS file, you will have to recalculate the checksum
        using the admin program.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  What are the keywords?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

! 7.4)  RCS vs SCCS:  What are the keywords?

        RCS and SCCS use different keywords that are expanded in the
        text.  For SCCS the keyword "%I%" is replaced with the revision
***************
*** 129,138 ****
        the file will not be updated.  On the other hand, RCS retains the
        keywords when they are expanded so this is avoided.

! 7.5)  What's an RCS symbolic name?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        RCS allows you treat a set of files as a family of files while
        SCCS is meant primarily for keeping the revision history of
--- 148,160 ----
        the file will not be updated.  On the other hand, RCS retains the
        keywords when they are expanded so this is avoided.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: What's an RCS symbolic name?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>
!
! 7.5)  What's an RCS symbolic name?

        RCS allows you treat a set of files as a family of files while
        SCCS is meant primarily for keeping the revision history of
***************
*** 144,188 ****
        SCCS you would have to do this by writing a script to write or
        read all file names and versions to or from a file.

! 7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        Since RCS stores the latest version in full, it is much faster in
        retrieving the latest version.  After RCS version 5.6, it is also
        faster than SCCS in retrieving older versions.

! 7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        SCCS is able to determine when a specific line of code was added
        to a system.

! 7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle with problems?

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        If you are missing the sccs or rcs tools, or the RCS or SCCS file
        is corrupt and the tools don't work on it, you can still retrieve
        the latest version in RCS.  Not true with SCCS.

! 7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        RCS provides a program to convert from SCCS to RCS.  One would
        have to write his own program to convert from RCS to SCCS.

! 7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Support

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        SCCS is supported by AT&T.  RCS is supported by the Free Software
        Foundation.  Therefore RCS runs on many more platforms, including
        PCs.
--- 166,243 ----
        SCCS you would have to do this by writing a script to write or
        read all file names and versions to or from a file.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

! 7.6)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they compare for performance?

        Since RCS stores the latest version in full, it is much faster in
        retrieving the latest version.  After RCS version 5.6, it is also
        faster than SCCS in retrieving older versions.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

+ 7.7)  RCS vs SCCS:  Version Identification.
+
        SCCS is able to determine when a specific line of code was added
        to a system.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle problems?
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

+ 7.8)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they handle problems?
+
        If you are missing the sccs or rcs tools, or the RCS or SCCS file
        is corrupt and the tools don't work on it, you can still retrieve
        the latest version in RCS.  Not true with SCCS.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  How do they interact with make(1)?
! Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 10:41:51 -0700
! From: Blair P. Houghton <[e-mail]>
!
! 7.9)  RCS vs SCCS:  How do they interact with make(1)?
!
!       The fact that SCCS uses prefixes (s.file.c) means that make(1)
!       can't treat them in an ordinary manner, and special rules
!       (involving '~' characters) must be used in order for make(1) to
!       work with SCCS; even so, make(1) on some UNIX platforms will not
!       apply default rules to files that are being managed with SCCS.
!       The suffix notation (file.c,v) for RCS means that ordinary
!       suffix-rules can be used in all implementations of make(1), even
!       if the implementation isn't designed to handle RCS files
!       specially.
!
! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

! 7.10) RCS vs SCCS:  Conversion.

        RCS provides a program to convert from SCCS to RCS.  One would
        have to write his own program to convert from RCS to SCCS.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Support
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

+ 7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Support
+
        SCCS is supported by AT&T.  RCS is supported by the Free Software
        Foundation.  Therefore RCS runs on many more platforms, including
        PCs.
***************
*** 193,202 ****
        Some tar programs have a -F option that ignores either RCS
        directories, or SCCS directories or both.

! 7.11) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        SCCS                        RCS                   Explanation
        ====                        ===                   ===========
--- 248,260 ----
        Some tar programs have a -F option that ignores either RCS
        directories, or SCCS directories or both.

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

! 7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Command Comparison

        SCCS                        RCS                   Explanation
        ====                        ===                   ===========
***************
*** 241,251 ****
                                                          sent to the other
                                                          user explaining why.

! 7.12) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements

!       Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
!       From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

        I would like to thank the following persons for contributing to
        these articles.  I'd like to add your name to the list--please
        send comments or more references to Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>.
--- 299,312 ----
                                                          sent to the other
                                                          user explaining why.

! ------------------------------

! Subject: RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
! Date: Sat, 10 Oct 92 19:34:39 +0200
! From: Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>

+ 7.13) RCS vs SCCS:  Acknowledgements
+
        I would like to thank the following persons for contributing to
        these articles.  I'd like to add your name to the list--please
        send comments or more references to Bill Wohler <[e-mail]>.
***************
*** 259,270 ****
      Raymond Chen <[e-mail]>
      Dwight <[e-mail]>

! 7.13) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

!       Date: Thu Oct 15 10:27:47 EDT 1992
!       From: Ted Timar <[e-mail]>

        Bill Wohler, who compiled all of the information in this part of
        the FAQ, has compiled much more information.  This information is
        available for ftp from ftp.wg.omron.co.jp (133.210.4.4) under
        "pub/unix-faq/docs/rev-ctl-sys".
--- 320,343 ----
      Raymond Chen <[e-mail]>
      Dwight <[e-mail]>

! ------------------------------
!
! Subject: Can I get more information on configuration management systems?
! Date: Thu Oct 15 10:27:47 EDT 1992
! From: Ted Timar <[e-mail]>

! 7.14) Can I get more information on configuration management systems?

        Bill Wohler, who compiled all of the information in this part of
        the FAQ, has compiled much more information.  This information is
        available for ftp from ftp.wg.omron.co.jp (133.210.4.4) under
        "pub/unix-faq/docs/rev-ctl-sys".
+
+ ------------------------------
+
+ End of unix/faq Digest part 7 of 7
+ **********************************
+
+ --
+ Ted Timar - [e-mail]
+ Empress Software, 3100 Steeles Ave E, Markham, Ont., Canada L3R 8T3